📌 TL;DR: Estudio de factores determinantes del rendimiento en 10 km de natación libre.
🔬 Puntos clave:
- Edad de pico del rendimiento a 28.94 años (hombres) y 27.40 años (mujeres).
- Correlaciones moderadas entre porcentaje de grasa corporal e índice de masa muscular final.
- Alta VO2max con valores máximos de 5.51 L/min en hombres y 5.05 L/min en mujeres, indicando potencia aeróbica.
- Índice de estocada como predictor significativo del rendimiento (r = .91).
- Programas de entrenamiento recomendados con alta volumen y baja intensidad.
🎯 Aplicación clínica para LATAM:
El estudio sugiere que en programas de natación competitiva, se debe enfatizar la optimización de la velocidad de estocada y el uso de técnicas de ahorro de energía durante los últimos 400-500 metros. Esto es especialmente relevante para atletas de alto rendimiento en países como Panamá.
⚠ Limitaciones:
El estudio se basa en un pequeño número de estudios con participantes de diferentes culturas y geografías, lo que puede limitar la generalizabilidad al contexto latinoamericano.
Background
Performance in 10K open-water swimming (OWS) events is influenced by various factors including physical conditioning, biomechanics, anthropometrics, race tactics, and environmental factors.
Purpose
This systematic review aims to analyze the performance determinants in 10-km OWS.
Methods
The electronic databases Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science were searched using a comprehensive list of relevant terms. Searches reported 16 studies (2000-2024) organized in various categories according to different performance conditional factors.
Results
Key findings show age at peak performance of 28.94 years (men) and 27.40 years (women), likely due to the need for prior competition experience in OWS. Anthropometric analyses revealed moderate correlations between body-fat percentage and lean mass index with final race position. Physiological analysis showed that high values of maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) reached 5.51 L/min (men) and 5.05 L/min (women), an indicator of aerobic power and lactate thresholds achieved at 88.75% to 93.75% (lactate threshold), a determinant of aerobic capacity. Stroke index was demonstrated as a significant predictor of performance (r = .91, P < .001). It is recommended that stroke rate be increased by was up to 10% over the final 400 to 500 m in order to mitigate the effects of fatigue on velocity. Effective 10-km OWS training programs emphasize high-volume, low-intensity sessions (76.83% in zone 1), moderate-intensity threshold work (17.70% in zone 2), and targeted high-intensity sprints (5.47% in zone 3).
Conclusion
In order to achieve optimal performance, it is essential to integrate physiological parameters (VO2max, lactate threshold), biomechanical adaptations (stroke rate/length optimization), and tactical preparation (drafting, pacing).
Cómo citar:
Fernández-Asensio JM, Hermosilla-Perona F, Rodríguez-Adalia L, Veiga-Fernández S. (2026).
Characteristics of Elite 10-km Open-Water Swimmers: A Systematic Review.. International journal of sports physiology and performance.
DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2025-0160 ↗ PMID: 41344319 ↗ Acceso al paper: Ver completo ↗
